The Seven Years War in Europe by Franz A.J. Szabo

However, Frederick recovered, regained ground and managed to avoid any concessions in Hubertusburg, which remained status quo ante bellum.

In Europe, Frederick II ('the Great') of Prussia failed to complete a pre-emptive strike against Austria, and his forces were nearly annihilated by numerically superior opponents at the Battle of Kunersdorf. The native American tribes were excluded from the peace settlement, and were unable to return to their former status after the resulting Indian Wars of Pontiac's Rebellion in the Ohio Country, west of the Appalachian Mountains in North America.

Great Britain expelled its French and Spanish rivals in the contested overseas territories, gaining the bulk of New France in eastern Canada, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The war was characterized in Europe by sieges and arson of towns as well as open battles involving extremely heavy losses overall, some 900,000 to 1,400,000 people died. The war ended with the peace treaties of Paris (Bourbon France and Spain, and the Georgian/Hanoverian Dynasty in Great Britain) and of Hubertusburg (German Hohenzollerns, Habsburgs, Saxon elector) in 1763. The Russian Empire left its offensive alliance with the Habsburgs upon the succession of Peter III in 1762, and like Sweden concluded a separate peace with Prussia. The Diplomatic Revolution established an Anglo-Prussian alliance, allied with some smaller German states and later Portugal, as well as an Austro-French camp, allied with Sweden, Saxony and later Spain. The war was driven by the antagonism between Great Britain ( in personal royal union with the principality of Hanover in Germany) and the Bourbon Dynasty (in France and Spain), resulting from overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires, and by the antagonism between the Hohenzollern Dynasty (in Prussia) and Habsburg Dynasty (with their Holy Roman Emperors and archdukes in Austria), resulting from territorial and hegemonial conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire.

In the historiography of some countries, the war is alternatively named after combatants in the respective theatres: the French and Indian War (North America, 1754–63) Pomeranian War (with Sweden and Prussia, 1757–62) Third Carnatic War (on the Indian subcontinent, 1757–63) and Third Silesian War (with Prussia and Austria, 1756–63). It involved most of the great powers of the time and affected Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines. The Seven Years' War was a world war that took place between 17 with the main conflict being in the seven-year period 1756–1763.

The Seven Years War in Europe by Franz A.J. Szabo